In Act 1 Scenes 5-7 of ‘Macbeth’, How Does Lady Macbeth...

Macbeth is a tragedy written by Shakespeare. at the start of the play Macbeth and Lady Macbeth’s relationship is strong and that they see each other as partners â€Å"of greatness†. Although most of the blame is put onto Lady Macbeth by the audience, Macbeth already had ambition and was already thinking of murdering King Duncan. But how exactly did Lady Macbeth convince her husband to murder King Duncan? Before Macbeth returns home from battle Lady Macbeth is already outlining Macbeth’s flaws and voicing her concern that he is too good-hearted to commit the murder. After reading the letter from her husband, she says: â€Å"Yet do I fear thy nature, It is too full o’th’milk of human kindness to catch the nearest way†. This shows that she thinks†¦show more content†¦I would, while it was smiling in my face, have plucked my nipple from his boneless gums and dashed the brains out, had I so sworn as you have done to this.† She uses their baby to make Macbeth vulnerable to her control and this also makes Lady Macbeth seem cold and careless of her baby. She then continues to insult his masculinity: â€Å"When you durst do it, then you were a man† by saying this she is bullying Macbeth out of disagreeing with her. Lady Macbeth thinksShow MoreRelatedCharacters In Macbeth1057 Words   |  5 PagesFirst produced in 1606 and first published in 1623, Shakespeare’s Macbeth play is an English, drama-based play centered on tragedy in the eleventh century. Macbeth’s primary characters include: Macbeth, Lady Macbeth, King Duncan, Malcolm, Banquo, and Macduff. Other characters in the work include the Three Witches, Malcolm, Hecate, Fleance, Lennox, Ross, The Murderers, Porter, Lady Macduff, and Donalbain. The main setting of the play is in Scotland, along with some areas that are briefly in EnglandRead MoreEssay about Character Study of Lady Macbeth925 Words   |  4 PagesCharacter Study of Lady Macbeth Lady Macbeth comes into the play in act 1 scene 5, when Lady Macbeth is reading the letter from Macbeth. Lady Macbeth fears that Macbeth’s heart â€Å"is too full o’ th’ milk of human kindness†. She knows that her husband has is â€Å"not without ambition, but without the illness should attend it†. Lady Macbeth’s immediate response to the letter is the thought of killing the king. â€Å"Hie thee hither, that I may pour my spirits into thineRead MoreLady Macbeth: A Disturbed Character in William Shakespeare ´s Macbeth1467 Words   |  6 PagesThrough Lady Macbeths opening soliloquy in Act 1 Scene 5 she spontaneously gets portrayed as a disturbed character due to her treacherous and murderous planning she establishes after receiving the letter from Macbeth. This is noticeable when she says â€Å"the raven himself is hoarse that croaks the fatal entrances of Duncan under my battements† this signify that Lady Macbeth is steadfast to kill Duncan as she is aware that there is no other appropriate place to end Duncan then her own castle as no oneRead MoreEssay Lady Macbeth in William Shakespeares Macbeth1403 Words   |  6 PagesLady Macbeth in William Shakespeares Macbeth In act 1 scene, we see lady MacBeth reading a letter that her husband, MacBeth has sent her, it has been written as a soliloquy, she reads aloud to the audience how he has been given information about his future by a group of witches. MacBeth sent this letter to his wife quickly, he is was obviously pleased with the news and wanted her to know about it. This gives the audience the impression that Lady MacBeth was very dominantRead MoreMacbeth by William Shakespeare1154 Words   |  5 PagesMacbeth is a play written by Shakespeare in the 1603; it is based on themes of ambition, power and authority. Macbeth is a tragic hero who becomes ‘Thane of Cawdor’ and meets three witches that predict he will become a king, which leads him to commit the regicide. Rupert Goold and many other directors have altered and interpreted Macbeth in many ways. In this essay I will compare and contrast the ways in which Lady Macbeth is presented in the original play and Gold’s 2010 film adaptation. ShakespeareRead MoreMacbeth Essay - the Similarities and Differences Between Macbeth and Lady Macbeth1843 Words   |  8 Pagescomparing Macbeth and Lady Macbeth to each other, the main similarity between them that must be mentioned is that they both have high ambitions for royalty and greatness. Beside the only one significant similarity, they also differ with two distinct differences. Throughout the play, they both portrayed as evil characters who have committed the deaths of other characters, however the driving force of their cruel behavior are totally different. The reason that leads Lady Macbeth to her menacing personalityRead MoreGender And Gender Roles In Shakespeares Macbeth880 Words   |  4 Pagesabout women that is portrayed in the play Macbeth? Does the play defy or conform to the gender norms? Macbeth Essay Assignment Gender Roles in Shakespeare’s Macbeth During the play of Macbeth, Shakespeare does defy gender norms. He portrays that the gender of a person does not define who they are and how they act and gender roles as not being a stereotype. Macbeth and Lady Macbeth both exhibit traits that are not the way males and females are â€Å"supposed† to act. Shakespeare proved that it is not trueRead MoreEssay The Relationship between Macbeth and Lady Macbeth2391 Words   |  10 Pagesthis essay I will discuss the relationship between Macbeth and Lady Macbeth. I will explain how their relationship is different to traditional relationships of the time. At the time, Jacobean people believed that the men were stronger then the woman. They believed that, when married, the husband would be in control and the wife would have no choice but to do what their husband asked. Macbeth and Lady Macbeth’s relationship was every different. Macbeth was written between 1606 and 1611 by William ShakespeareRead MoreACT I Questions 1 Macbeth1082 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ACT I Questions 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As the play opens, you find the witches casting spells, chanting Fair is foul,  and foul is fair./ Hover through the fog and filthy air.   This paradox will occur  many times in the play.   How can something be fair and foul at the same time? Situationally, I think this makes more sense when you consider it in the sense of an outcome. War can be foul, but the outcome fair†¦depending what side you are on. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The reader s first impression of Macbeth actuallyRead MoreLady Macbeth1937 Words   |  8 PagesLady Macbeth Essay I am going to do an essay on a play called Macbeth, written by William Shakespeare. The play is a tragedy, believed to have been written in 1611-12. The play is about a man named Macbeth whom, at first is a kind, tender man who later gets tempted by three foul witches to commit a murder in order to become king. Macbeth’s wife, Lady Macbeth is thrilled by the prophecies given by the witches and is eager for Macbeth to commit the murder. Macbeth disagrees with his wife greatly

Sayyid Qutbs Impact on Islam - 636 Words

2. Evaluate the impact on Islam of ONE significant person or school of thought. Sayyid Qutb had a seemingly minimal impact throughout his life, but his teachings and ideology have become of significant importance to the Islamic faith. However his views and thoughts of that are somewhat extreme have lead some followers to form organizations which are involved with radical, extreme and â€Å"terrorist† activities. Qutb’s teachings and commentary of Islamic teachings are seen to hold considerable authority and significance to adherents of Islam. His main and most revered teachings included: the belief in Tawhid (the oneness of God), the concept of Jahiliyya (pagan ignorance), jihad (struggle) and the need to revive Islam. Through his first†¦show more content†¦Thus it is evident, that Qutb’s teachings in the ideal of jahiliyya were fundamental to the pathway that Islam decided to follow, and did in fact promote the teachings of Islam and sustained growth. Qutb was one of the most significant figures in the development of jihadi Salafi ideology. Qutb in true Salafi style, reanalysed the Qur’an to find new ideology. Qutb acknowledge that the contemporary jama’at (movement) would also encounter periods of weakness. Therefore he insisted that here was an immediate need for a new movement. Qutb also constantly stated that there was a need for new leadership. He claimed that the new leaders should engage in jihad (struggle) against jahiliyya, so that a true Islamic state can be established. His teachings of jihad and the need to use force if the survival of the Islam was under threat, is being used today out of his context of time by extreme â€Å"terrorist† groups. Members of these radical groups say are not afraid to die for their cause because Qutb gave them reason: â€Å"For a pious life is a life of struggle or jihad for Islam, and struggle means martyrdom†. Qutb’s actions, books and somewhat extreme teachings all greatly contributed to the revival of Islam. He successfully contributed to the revival of the Islamic faith through his commentary and teachings on the Qur’an and the tradition. In this action, adherents were able to gain a greater understanding of Allah andShow MoreRelatedThe Contribution Of Islam And Islam3730 Words   |  15 PagesOutline the contribution to Islam of ONE significant person or school of thought other than Muhammad and the Four Rightly Guided Caliphs. Sayyid Qutb’s contributions lie in his books and writings, which express his values and perspectives. He wrote a total of 24 book and articles criticising the American way of living and the Arab world for trying to become westernised. Social Justice in Islam was written first, expressing his belief in tawhid (unity in God) and in Islam as the only way of life. HeRead MoreIslam as a Living Religious Tradition Essay1098 Words   |  5 Pageshuman existence through Sayyid Qutb, Islamic bioethics and Hajj. Islam is a living religious tradition which helps adherents to answer the question of human existence through the legacy and writings of Sayyid Qutb, abortion, stem cell research and contraception of bioethics and Ihraam, Tawaf and Sa’y of Hajj. The paragraphs below will describe how Sayyid Qutb, Islamic bioethics and Hajj answer the question of human existence and how they all play a key role to support Islam as a living religious traditionRead MoreSummary Of The Loomi ng Tower By Lawrence Wright1574 Words   |  7 PagesTrade Center on September 11, 2001. The text included the personal accounts of Osama bin Laden and other middle-eastern influences such as Dr. Ayman al Zawahiri (the most significant ideological frontrunner of al-Qaeda), Abdullah Azzam, Khallad, and Sayyid Qutb, along with western factors like, Daniel Coleman, Jack Cloonan, Patrick Fitzgerald, and John O’Neill. The choices made by those influencers in the Middle East, and in the west, during the 20th century created the climate in which the terrorist

Large Transport Band Gap Room Temperature â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Large Transport Band Gap Room Temperature? Answer: Introduction: Nature of business: Petroleum, cooking gas, construction materials, medical supplies and pharmaceuticals, home appliances, electronics, supermarket products and insurance. History: ATA (Athireemaafannu Trading Agency) was beginning off STO and became huge success in national development. ATA developed to become the State trading organization (STO) on 9th June 1979. STO took all trading as well as commercial activity on behalf of the Maldivian government. In keeping pace with demands STO started importing more for reasons increasing number of commodity items, modern construction materials, home appliances and consumer goods. Focus of project: This report includes discussion about STOs sources of finance whether long or short, dividend policy and profitability. Company profile: STO wants to lead through expansion, assortment, analyse advance areas of expertise and joining latest business deal. It also wants to explore internationally and establish themselves as international player which is honoured by international business community. STO also wants approachability with nationwide existence; it offers peace of mind and assurance to public of uninterrupted provision. It wants to build a skilled workforce by developing human force. STO also want to achieve environmental and sustainable growth with fulfilling their vision. STO with its group is a successful business leader. It also has keen and focused interest in petroleum, cooking gas and so on. The company is becoming geographically diversified with its operations in Maldives and Singapore as well. This is achieved with direct procurement and distribution over nations hence creating new joint ventures to trade effectively. STO also focused in exploring in tourism sector. Upcoming projects in areas of hospitality making it a big player and due to which it started earning more foreign currency. Long term sources of finance Equity: Equity consists of fund that is contributed by shareholders in a company. It is called s primary market when new shares are issued to investor by the company. Equity is one of the most preferred sources of capital (Baker and Powell 2005, pp 44-70). It shows how much part of capital of STO is shared with shareholder. As STO is developing company and needs contribution by shareholder so STO should issue more equity share in order to increase capital. Equity is comparatively as compared to debt. Equity of company= ordinary shares= 56,345,500. Debt: Debt refers to a duty or liability to pay money and provide service. It is the most common form of outside capital for new businesses (Baker and powell 2005, pp 44-70). Debt part of STO is 778,315,651. This means company is preferring loan more in proportion to equity. This shows company does not want to dilute power with other shareholder. Embedded: In embedded capital structure, a ratio between equity and debt is used to finance companys capital. This capital structure helps company to build effective portfolio and develop balance between risk associated with company and returns earned by company. In case of STO, the proportion between equity and debt that is more than 60% debt and remaining equity. Optimum capital structure: It is a financial measurement that is used by companies to determine best mix of debt and equity financing. Optimum structure helps in lowering cost of capital of company. It helps company to be more dependent on equity rather than debt. It seeks the degree of risk that fluctuate the return calculated by company more than its cost of capital (Brinckman Salomo and Gemuenden, 2011). STO is having two types of financing option available with it. Two options are equity and debt, company should opt for other finance options as well in lieu of more capital requirement. MM theory: This theory supports capital structure irrelevancy theory, which suggests that valuation of firm is irrelevant to capital structure of company. MM theory defined that market value of firm is decided by its earning power and by the risk of latent assets, and value of firm is autonomous of way it chooses to capitalise its upcoming project (Humphrey Loft and Woods 2009). According to MM valuation of STO is not dependent on its market value of different finance sources. It totally depends on earning power of STO and valuation is done in autonomous way it decides. Agency theory: Agency theory derives the conflict between corporate managers (principal) and outside shareholders (agent). This conflict leads to agency costs (Baker and Gerald 2011). Agency theory supposes that dividend mechanism proves as solution to principal/agent relationship related agency costs. It resolves the issue between managerial and stockholder priorities (Fong Tosi 2007). In case of STO company and shareholder can be in conflict due to legal or ethical practices adopted by STO. Managers may make decisions that conflict with the best interests of the shareholders. Another problem can be between managers and shareholders related to increase in size of firm which may be beneficial for shareholders but managers may not adopt due to decrease in their ownership in company. This impairs the goodwill of company so STO should resolve agency problem if it is existing between shareholders and managers. Solving agency problem with below suggestions: Adopting more legal and ethical practices to retain shareholders Adopting practices best in interest of both parties. Managerial compensation: The firm can pay incentive compensation to combine the goals of executive and shareholders. The company can provide performance share, stock options, salaries and bonuses to award superior performance and penalize poor performance. Direct shareholder intervention: Shareholder can intervene in decision related to corporate issues by using their voting power and electing members in board of director to present their interests. Pecking theory: The pecking order theory of capital structure is believes that management have inside information (Li, Wei, and Lie 2006). Donaldson study suggests the pecking order of financing specifies that firms can finance their requirement through many options like: raise debt or convertible debt, will issue equity, or will finance through internal sources of income. Free cash flow hypothesis explains that managers have nature to misuse the fund available. For reducing this misuse debt is considered as good option as this checks the indiscretion. In case of STO company has good amount of retained earnings available, so STO should finance its new project with its retained earnings. This helps company to not to dissolve its control over STO. It can adopt different options also like free cash flows, debt option and equity financing. CAPM theory: The CAPM calculates the return that an investment made by company can earn. It measures required return based on risk measurement. According to CAPM, investors select investments as they are wealth maximizers, based on some return and standard deviation. Investors can lend and can take loan at zero risk rates (Kumar et ol 2008). There are no flotation cost and taxes. All financial assets are fully marketable that means any quantity of asset can be purchased or sold. In STO, CAPM theory can define that shareholder can purchase any amount of shares and can lend any amount of loan to company. According to CAPM, STO all assets are fully marketable and no floatation cost and taxes exists, thus enabling shareholder to trade frequently. The capital gearing ratio of firm is highly geared this signifies that company is using less stockholders equity. The ideal capital gearing ratio is near to 50%. The ratio of STO is more than 50% showing greater risk, so it should take some steps to reduce risk. Its gearing ratio highlighting the firm inefficiency to pay debt on time. Hence creating issues in taking finance from banks in future. Short term sources of finance: Liquidity: Liquidity defines how quickly money through current asset can be converted in cash in hand. It can also be define as emergency savings account which can be accessed at time of unforeseen happening (Hill 2013). In case of STO liquidity is calculated with help of two ratios both are near to ideal hence it can be said that STO is having suffircient liquidity. Current ratio: It is a financial ratio which shows the proportion between current asset to current liability. It is used as an indicator of companies liquidity (Xia et al., 2010). Ideal current ratio is 2:1.The higher the current ratio, higher the capability of a company to pay its obligations. In case of STO the current ratio is less than ideal ratio so STO should take steps to reach ideal ratio. Company is not utilising its current asset properly. Quick ratio: It is a financial ratio used to check companys liquidity. This ratio is also named as acid test ratio. This ratio calculates proportion between cash and marketable securities to current liabilities. Ideal ratio is 1:1. In case of STO it is more than 1:1, so it should bring down to ideal to maintain efficiency. Working capital management 2016 2015 Current ratio 1.35 times 1.38 times Quick ratio 1.04 times 1.06 times Cash conversion cycle: The cash conversion cycle is a measure which defines duration of time in days that is taken by company to convert resource inputs into cash flow (Ebben Johnson 2011). CCC is calculated with help of inventory turnover, debtors turnover and creditors turnover. Inventory turnover ratio is 7.53 times in 2016 showing good amount of stock with company and debtors turnover ratio in 2016 is 32 times and creditors turnover ratio is 3.38 times. After converting these ratios in days converting cash conversion cycle in negative showing desirable result, this means STO do not have to pay to stock debtor or material supplier until the final sale is done. STO is utilising its working capital well and thus making readily available cash for other expenses and things. It also says that STO is not paying to is creditors until debtors are pay. Negative cash conversion cycle reduces cost of capital and increases overall profitability. Year/particular 2016 2015 Cash conversion cycle (-48days) (-40days) Dividend policy: Definition: It refers to decision of board regarding distribution of residual earnings which should be appropriated to shareholders of company. Companies have no legal obligation to pay dividends to common shareholders (Denis Osobov 2008). Dividend policies involve mainly decisions regarding: to retain earning for capital investment, to distribute earning in form of dividend, or to retain some and distribute remaining. Dividend policies can be of various types like regular dividend, stable dividend and irregular dividend (Baskin, 1988). Company has progressive policy of dividend distribution after 2014. The new strategy adopted in 2015 with the expectation of enhancing and guaranteeing the continuance of these exercises while in the meantime to distinguish new potential regions of speculation with the goal that they are concentrating on the expansion and development. These activities made STO to distribute more dividends in 2016. An analysis of dividend distribution over 5 years is shown in following chart MM dividend irrelevance theory: MM theory defines that shareholders are indifferent to payment of dividends because they can initiate any dividend policy they desire. (Miller, Merton and Kevin, 1985). The theory is in contrast to dividend relevance theory, which assumes dividend policys importance in valuation of company. In case of STO, dividends pay-outs are regular and paid least in 2014, company shares would have sold out more in 2014 as dividend payment was less and people would have bought in 2015. Highest purchase of STO shares in 2016 as highest dividend pay-out by company. MM theory defines this concept that shareholders are attracted more towards that company which has high dividend pay-out. Birds in hand concept: Birds in hand is a theory that supposes that investor would prefer dividend over shares to promising capital gain because of unpredictability of later one (Bhattacharya. 2009) . Under bird in hand theory, stocks having higher returns are purchased by investors and that stock establishes a higher market price. According to this theory STO stock will be sold more as the dividend payout in 2016 is highest and encouraging people to purchase STO shares. As according to bird in hand theory, shareholder will prefer more dividend payment rather than high capital gain. This will enhance company shares in market to sell more. Profitability: Profitability can be defined as primary income source and goal for all companies (Lesakova 2007).It is calculated with revenue and cost incurred by company, income is produced with activities performed by business and expenses are cost of material and labour used in producing that income(Miller Merton and Modigliani. 1961). Expanding revenue is main task of business experts. The profitability of company STO has increased in year 2012 and 2013. It decreased after 2013, so company should take steps to increase again. Profitability ratios of STO are satisfactory and have increased in comparison to previous years. Company can adopt following practices to increase profitability: Invest in profitable venture to expand the business. Enhance employee skills so that can contribute more in growth of STO in future. Reduce unnecessary wastage during to increase productivity. Reduce cost of transportation and raw material to minimise the production cost. Thus competitive price of products. Commercial viability: It can be understood as business, product and service which have ability to compete with competitors effectively. STO products are generally commercial viable as they provide daily routine machinery products at competitive price to retain customers. Moreover it gives discount over products like Hitachi pumps, hammer drills, wall chaser and many more at discount price. It generally has price lower than its competitors to retain customers. Profitability ratios: Profitability ratios 2016 2015 ROCE( rate of capital employed)% 11.75% 22.35% Gross profit % 15.24% 17.96% Net profit % 4.51% 6.03% Profit trend analysis of 5 years: Pest analysis of STO: Political factor: Maldives is a presidential democracy, with chief executive as leader of government and state. The tax related regulation for company by government can affect its business both positively and negatively. Political stability can also influence company existing business due to imposing of new regulations by new government. Economic analysis: Maldivian economy largely based on tourism industry generating more than 28% of their GDP. STO can have impact on its sales if inflation is high and vice versa. The unemployment rate also can hinder company growth as high rate of unemployment will stop people to purchase company products (Jennifer. 2017).. Business cycle faced by companies also affects its business as in boom time it can have high sale and in depression time lower sale affecting growth of business. Social analysis: Poverty in Maldives is due to regional inequalities in surviving conditions which arise because of remoteness of island and poor infrastructure (Barney 1991). Social analysis of STO, different cultural limitations affects company sales, as company cannot produce every type of product that customer demand. It depends upon STO marketers to shape different customer demand and enable them to purchase STO products. Technology analysis: Government spends in research and development programme in those sectors which generates high GDP. If some technology advancement is introduced and demand of STO product is decreased due to new launch, hindering the sale of company product. Sometime due to this company has to sell out-dated product at loss as well, lowering company growth. Minsky analysis: Minsky analysis began with recognition that post war economy is different, before war depression was continuous event and happening every quarter. It involves different sets of prices. First set for current output like consumption, investment and so on. And another set for asset pricing which includes capital asset used by firms in production. STO also should set different prices for its different products like consumption related product in different price category and investment related products in different price category. This analysis makes company product comparable with other firms. Minsky analysis involves two set of prices, first set includes prices of current output including consumption, products, services and many more. Other set includes prices of capital assets used by STO in production and finance enabling company to attain control over capital. The second set enables STO to determine the position of company to invest in project. These two sets vary in dependently according to market prices. Minsky analysis involves 3 types of financing to increase viability: Hedge finance: Income is expected to fulfill the debt arose during the time Speculative finance: It suggests STO to cover debt cost as income will be sufficient only to fulfill interest cost of STO. Ponzi finance: This suggests STO that income is less than expected and is enable to cover interest cost as well. So to cover this firm must sell assets to pay the debt. Recommendation: STO is company which is trying to establish itself in Maldives which is growing economy. So it is good to invest in company as ratios are performing quiet good. Current ratio is near to ideal ratio of 2:1 and quick ratio is also satisfactory. Due to fluctuations are their over years, shareholders sometimes hesitate to invest in risk taker company so company should try to establish growth in developing economy. Company also should take steps for increasing sales to enhance profitability which has decreased over years.so according to profitability company shareholder will be reluctant to stay over years. Capital gearing ratio is more than 50% making company more risky. Company policy to distribute dividend every year is attracting as company is not keeping earnings to itself. Overall it a growing company trying to excel in upcoming year so before investing a proper analysis should be taken. Company should expand worldwide its business to enhance profitability and goodwill amongst all. It also should reduce its capital expenditure in order to enhance production cost. Conclusion: In brief it can be say that STO of Maldives is growing company and exporting its services internationally. It has good growth structure and opportunities within economy. The financial analysis of company shows that it is a risk taker that means it prefers debt more over equity. Company dividend policy is growing which defines that company distributes its earning every year to its shareholders and does not accumulate profits as retained earnings. Profitability of company is growing over years hence company can grow to fully fledge with little efforts. All profitability ratios as observed above as increased in comparison to previous years. But recently in previous two year it decreased in comparison to past. Company is trying to explore its activity in tourism sector as well. References: Baker H.K and Powell. E.G., 2005. Understanding Financial Management. Blackwell Publishing. USA. Baker, H.K, and Gerald, S. 2011 Capital Structure and Corporate Financing accounting Decisions, John wiley sons, Hoboken. Barney, J. 1991 Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage, Journal of Management, 17(1), pp. 99-121. Baskin, Jonathan Barron. 1988. The development of corporate financial markets in Britain and the United States, 16001914: Overcoming asymmetric information. Business History Review 62:2, 199237. Bhattacharya. S. 2009, Imperfect Information, Dividend Policy, and "The Bird in the Hand" Fallacy, The RAND Corporation, 10(1), 259-270, https://www2.bc.edu/thomas-chemmanur/phdfincorp/MF891%20papers/Bhattacharya%201979.pdf, accessed on Brinckmann, J., Salomo, S. and Gemuenden, H.G., 2011. Financial Management Competence of Founding Teams and Growth of New Technology?Based Firms.Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,35(2), pp.217-243. Denis, D.J. and Osobov, I., 2008. Why do firms pay dividends? International evidence on the determinants of dividend policy.Journal of Financial economics,89(1), pp.62-82. Ebben, J.J. and Johnson, A.C., 2011. Cash conversion cycle management in small firms: Relationships with liquidity, invested capital, and firm performance.Journal of Small Business Entrepreneurship,24(3), pp.381-396. Fong, E.A. and Tosi Jr, H.L., 2007. Effort, performance, and conscientiousness: An agency theory perspective.Journal of Management,33(2), pp.161-179. Frankfurter, George. M., and Bob. G 2006. Dividend policy: Theory and practice. London: Academic Press.London. Hill, R.A., 2013. Working capital management.Recuperado de https://202.191,120, p.8020. Humphrey, C., Loft, A. and Woods, M., 2009. The global audit profession and the international financial architecture: Understanding regulatory relationships at a time of financial crisis.Accounting, organizations and society,34(6), pp.810-825. Jennifer. P 2017, What Is a PEST Analysis?, Business News Daily, 22 june, accessed on 30th july 2017, https://www.businessnewsdaily.com/5512-pest-analysis-definition-examples-templates.html. Kumar, P., Sorescu, S.M., Boehme, R.D. and Danielsen, B.R., 2008. Estimation risk, information, and the conditional CAPM: Theory and evidence.The Review of Financial Studies,21(3), pp.1037-1075. Lesakova, L., 2007, June. Uses and limitations of profitability ratio analysis in managerial practice. InInternational Conference on Management, Enterprise and Benchmarking(pp. 1-2). Li, Wei, and Lie.E 2006. Dividend changes and catering incentives. Journal of Financial Economics 80:2, 293308 Miller, Merton, and Kevin Rock. 1985. Dividend policy under asymmetric information. Journal of Finance 40:4, 103151. Miller, Merton, and Modigliani. F 1961. Dividend policy, growth and the valuation of shares. Journal of Business 34:4, 41133. Skogrand, L., Johnson, A.C., Horrocks, A.M. and DeFrain, J., 2011. Financial management practices of couples with great marriages.Journal of Family and Economic Issues,32(1), pp.27-35. Xia, F., Farmer, D.B., Lin, Y.M. and Avouris, P., 2010. Graphene field-effect transistors with high on/off current ratio and large transport band gap at room temperature.Nano letters,10(2), pp.715-718.

Momentum Essays - Mechanics, Classical Mechanics, Collision

Momentum Conservation of Momentum Kristin Favreau October 26, 1999 Purpose: To show that momentum is conserved in a closed system by illustrating the conservation of momentum in an elastic collision and an inelastic collision. Method: If momentum is conserved in a closed system, the total momentum of the system before collision should equal the total momentum of the system after the collision. Strobe photos will be used in the calculations that will prove that momentum is conserved. 1.) Elastic collision: A strobe photo will be used that shows a large glider smashing into a smaller glider which is initially at rest. This will cause the smaller glider to move and the large glider will continue to move also. 2.) Inelastic collision: A strobe photo will be used that shows a glider smashing into another glider which is initially at rest. When they collide the two gliders will stick together and will move. -The masses, distances and times will be measured in order to calculate the momentums of the systems before and after collision occurs. Data: V = d/t P = m x v 1.) Elastic collision: When Mass Distance Time Velocity Momentum Glider A Before Collision .31215 kg .009m .6s .015 m/s .00468 Kg m/s Glider B Before Collision .15580 kg ? ? 0 m/s 0 Kg m/s Glider A After Collision .31215 kg .005m 1.0s .005 m/s .00156 Kg m/s Glider B After Collision .15580 kg .011m .6s .018 m/s .00280 Kg m/s 2.) Inelastic collision: When Mass Distance Time Velocity Momentum Glider C Before Collision .3105 kg .016m 1.0s .016 m/s .004968 Kg m/s Glider D Before Collision .3000 kg ? ? 0 m/s 0 Kg m/s Gliders C+D After Collision .6105 kg .015m 2.0s .008 m/s .004884 Kg m/s Calculations: 1.) Elastic collision: Before After Glider A .00468 Kg m/s .00156 Kg m/s Glider B + 0 Kg m/s +.00280 Kg m/s .00468 Kg m/s .00436 Kg m/s 2.) Inelastic collision: Total momentum before = Total momentum after mv + mv = (m + m ) v (.3105kg x .016 m/s) + 0 = (.3105 kg + .3000 kg) x .008 m/s .0050 Kg m/s = .0049 Kg m/s Conclusion: Through experiments with strobe photos involving elastic and inelastic collisions, I was able to show that momentum is contained within a closed system. My efficiency for the elastic collision was 3.54% and my efficiency for the inelastic collision was 1.01 %. Less than 10 % of the momentum was lost in either collision indicating a good experiment. The lost momentum can be attributed to the transfer from mechanical energy to thermal energy. Sources of Error: 1.) The distances measured in the two strobe photos were estimated. 2.) The measurement of time was an average. % error = difference x 100 sum of all 1.) % error = .00032 x 100 = 3.54 % error .00904 2.) % error = .0001 x 100 = 1.01 % error .0099

Mistissini History and Culture

Mistissini History and Culture The Crees of Mistissini have resided in the Mistassini Lake area since time immemorial. In the early 1800's, the community of Mistissini's actual location was just a summer encampment due to the establishment of the Hudson Bay Company fur trading post on sight. The North West Company and other fur traders were also in the vicinity and can be considered contenders in the fur trade with the Hudson Bay Company in those days.Apart from Mistissini Crees there were neighbouring Cree hunting groups such as the Nitchigoun, Neoweskaau, and even some Nemaska people whom eventually came together to make up the Mistissini population in the 1930's. The government assistance began in the early 1940's providing food rations and eventually clothing allowance. It wasn't until the early 1960's that the government assistance was fully in place for the Mistissini Crees.The James Bay Agreement was signed on November 11, 1975 giving the Crees of the region opportunity of further development in their respe ctive communities.The Hudson's Bay Company building in Montreal.Progressing over the years in many ways the community of Mistissini has developed to what it is today.Some important dates in the history of Mistissini7200 - 6700 years ago - Deglaciation of the Mistissini area.6000 - 4500 years ago - The initial First Nation occupation of the Mistissini area probably occured during this period. The Mistissini area has probably been occupied continuously from at least 4500 to the present. Some Mistissine Innu dispute these dates, suggesting that their ancestors have always lived here.4500-4000 years ago - Colline Blanche, located on the Temiscamie River, began to be used as a source of stone for the manufacture of stone tools. Archeologists found this high quality stone in sites located in many parts of Quebec and into northern New England.early 1600s AD - Having long...

5 Major Differences Between Public and Private Schools

5 Major Differences Between Public and Private Schools Education is an important part of raising children and preparing them to live successful lives. For many families, finding the right school environment isnt as easy as just enrolling at the local public school. With the information we have today about learning differences and 21st-century skills, not all schools can adequately meet the needs of every student. So how do you determine if the local  school is meeting your childs needs or if its time to switch schools? A common comparison is that of public schools and private schools. As many public schools face budget cuts that lead to larger class sizes and fewer resources, many private schools continue to flourish. However, a private school can be expensive. Is it worth the investment? Here are some major questions that you should be asking yourself about the differences between public and private schools.   How Large Are the Class Sizes? Class size is one of the major differences between public schools and private schools. The class size in urban public schools can be as large as 25-30 students (or more),  while most private schools keep their class sizes closer to an average of 10-15  students, depending on the school. Its important to note that some schools will publicize a student to teacher ratio, in addition to, or sometimes in place of, an average classroom size. The student to teacher ratio is not the same as the average classroom size, as the ratio often includes part-time teachers who may serve as tutors or substitutes, and sometimes the ratio even includes non-teaching faculty (administrators, coaches, dorm parents) who are part of students daily lives outside the classroom. There are  electives at some private schools with even fewer students, meaning that your child will receive personalized attention and the ability to contribute to classroom discussions that foster learning. Some schools have a Harkness Table, an oval-shaped table that began at Philips Exeter Academy to allow all the people at the table to look at each other during discussions. Smaller class sizes also mean that teachers can give students longer and more complicated assignments, as the teachers don’t have as many papers to grade. For example, students at many academically challenging college-preparatory private schools write 10-15 page papers as juniors and seniors. How Are the Teachers Prepared? While public school teachers always need to be certified, private school teachers  often don’t need formal certification. Nevertheless, many are experts in their fields or have master’s or even doctoral degrees. While it is very difficult to remove public school teachers, private school teachers generally have contracts that are renewable each year. How Well Does the School Prepare Students for College or Post-High School Life? While many public schools do a good job of preparing students for college, many do not. For example, a recent study  found that even A-rated public schools in New York City have remediation rates of over 50% for their graduates who attend the City University of New York. Most college-preparatory private schools do a thorough job of preparing their graduates to succeed in college; however, this too varies based on the individual school. What Attitude Do the Students Have When It Comes to School? In part, because private schools often have selective admissions processes, they are able to choose students who are highly motivated. Many private school students want to learn, and your child will be surrounded by students who regard academic achievement as desirable. For students who arent challenged enough at their current schools, finding a school full of highly motivated students can be a major improvement in their learning experience. Does the School Offer Other Services and Activities That Are Meaningful for My Child? Because private schools don’t have to follow state laws about what to teach, they can offer unique and specialized  programs. For example, parochial schools can offer religion classes,  while special-education schools can offer remedial and counseling programs to help their students. Schools often offer highly advanced programs in the sciences or arts. For example, Milken Community Schools in Los Angeles invested more than $6 million in developing one of the top private school Advanced Science Programs. The immersive environment also means that many private school students simply attend school for more hours in the day than do public school students because private schools offer after-school programs and a longer schedule. This means less time to get in trouble and more time to get involved in activities.

Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 6

Management - Essay Example The most significant problems that are affecting the plant include, material cost and a bad co-ordination between Research & Development people and Production engineers. Repeated design changing is making the overall cost higher. Had been designs coming from R & D section go directly for production without any more rectification, cost would have lowered. There is a dispute between R & D and Production peoples. One is blaming the other, which forces me to incorporate one special investigation team to govern actually where the conflict is. One design after coming to Production section does not reserves the right to be changed without proper notification to me. According to the notice sent by Employee & Community Relation Manager, we need to hire women and people of color very soon and make sure a higher percentage will be recruited into Production section which requires more effective manpower. Nothing is born perfect. We have to give the color of perfection. Question is not how effective we are, rather question is how much more we have to be. There must be a good relation among the people in the department as well as within various departments. After getting sure that design is complete and may rule over the market then only materials should be purchased. Otherwise it’s immaterial to periodically purchase and change the model structure. To set up good relationship, weekly meetings will be organized where all the in- charges of various sections may come with their ambiguities and questions if any. Other than this, picnic party, cultural activities will help the employees to intermingle. As Baker and Baker is interested for our model 80, so production engineers must do their work to make the product available as soon as possible. After that only other models and multi channel digital system will be carried out. As we are hiring people, later on works can be split up.

Cancer Nanotechnology Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Cancer Nanotechnology - Research Proposal Example The several available methods for treatment of cancer and all prove to have severe effects to the victims. A proper method of treatment put in place of these other forms of treatment; can be of a relief to the patients. Some cancer patients even believe that cancer treatment is worse than the cancer itself because of the side effects they have to go through. Cancer nanotechnology may have an answer to this big problem. First, it is cheaper, has faster detection methods, and has fewer side effects in comparison to the other forms of treatments. In nanotechnology if the cancer detection nanoparticles are loaded with anti cancer drugs then scientists can be able to attack cancer cells exactly where they are. A potent dose of the anticancer drugs is in delivery in form of time-release treatment. Thus, the delivery of the drugs is to a specific area but released over a period ensuring works effectively and at the same time keeps the patient safe. Once the drug is in the designated area wi th cancerous cells, the gold nanoparticles take the dye to the cancer cells. White blood cells reject this dye and once the dye is inside the cancer cells, they are activated by light to destroy these cells. This treatment in comparison to the others does not subject other parts of the body to chemicals that may affect certain areas such as the tissues. The chemicals are only concentrated to targeted areas with cancerous cells in the body. This way the problem of severe side effects can no longer be a major problem in cancer treatments with this effective and efficient form of treatment for cancer. In addition, nanotechnology is much cheaper if compared to these other forms of treatment. Nanotechnology proves to be an answer to those patients seeking cheaper treatment for cancer.

Don Quixote Essay Example for Free

Don Quixote Essay Fiction and Metafiction in Borges Ficciones and Cervantes Don Quixote dela Mancha Unbelievable and amazing may perhaps best describe the literature that the world has as of the moment. It is unbelievable because who would have thought that the wide spectrum of literary works would be so great in number? At the same time, it is amazing as the progress and history which literature has gone through are truly marvelous. The literary works which are within humanitys reach are incomparable to what people back then had. The literary works of the moment which are within humanitys reach is a compilation of history, art, language, the sciences, and politics of every generation, culture, and nation. Truly, literature has such a monumental scope within its pages that sometimes, a person may be lost with so many things literature has to offer. Literature is both fact and fiction and is inspired both by history and creative imagination. The elements within literature are all reflections of the realities of society, but these things can still be considered as fictional—after all, fact is fact and pure truth—nothing more. But what if something fictional seems so real that it seems to be factual and true? What if a person or a character which is just imagined seems to be a real person of this world? What if the line between reality and imagined is confusing and seems to be separated by nothing at all? Two authors by the name of Jorge Luis Borges and Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra are the answers to such questions. Saavedra who wrote (or â€Å"supposedly re-wrote) the famous adventure of Don Quixote dela Mancha and Jorge Luis Borges who wrote the seventeen literary pieces contained within Ficciones are fictional writers. When a person talks about fiction, it usually pertains to one thing—created by the imagination. Thus, it means that any work of fiction is merely invented by any person and that any fictional work is not true, is false, and can never be a fact. Yet, Saavedra and Borges have created literary works which are fictional but they seem so real and true that a person is left to believe that they are indeed the truth—metafiction. Metafiction, according to Patricia Waugh, is â€Å"a term given to fictional writing which self-consciously and systematically draws attention to its status as an artifact in order to pose questions about the relationship between fiction and reality† (qtd. in Liu). Thus, metafiction is indeed fictional and from the imagination, and it aims to confuse readers about what is real and what is merely created by a person. How does a person achieve this? Again, according to Patricia Waugh, â€Å"such writings not only examine the fundamental structures of narrative fiction, they also explore the possible fictionality of the world outside the literary fictional text† (qtd. in Liu). Thus, an author creates a fictional world and creates another fictional world within the already imagined world—creating a metafictional world. In Borges Ficciones and Saavedras Don Quixote dela Mancha—this metafictional world is truly what they have conjured up. Ficciones is a book which contains seventeen fictional literary pieces that seem to be real. Each piece has its own world, own elements of characters, settings, and even at some point, its own mind and language. There are pieces such as the Library of Babel that appears to be real and true that a reader also wants to believe that such place is true. In that particular piece (from Part One of the book), Borges describes a library in length and in awe. The whole thing seems to be an introduction to a novel of some sort, and yet at the same time, it also seems to come from a real book full of factual evidences that such a library exists. In the following excerpt, Borges describes the library and the people who are fascinated with it: â€Å"When it was proclaimed that the Library comprised all books, the first impression was one of extravagant joy. All men felt themselves of a secret, intact treasure. The universe was justified, the universe suddenly expanded to the limitless dimensions of hope† (83). However, further in the Library of Babel, Borges even talks of mystical books such as the Vindications which are â€Å"books of apology and prophesy which vindicated for all time the actions of every man in the world and established a store of prodigious arcana for the future† (83). What Borges has created is a fictional world, but a reader may find that world to be so palpable and genuine that it appears to be impossible that it is just imagined. The same conclusion can be given to Saavedra and his work on Don Quixote dela Mancha. In Saavedras work, the book is divided into two parts—one is the tale or adventure itself of Don Quixote and the second part is the metafictional work wherein the author talks directly to the readers and even to the characters that they all seem to be real people when clearly, they are all imagined. The ridiculous adventure of Don Quixote and his â€Å"squire† Sancho Panza is so preposterous (as with the example of the enchanted peasant girl or the basin turned into a knights helmet), far-fetched, and humorous that a person will not for a second think that the entire tale is true. However, when Saavedra writes the second part of the book, doubts and hesitations replace the earlier convictions. For example, in the first part, Saavedra writes about a Dulcinea who was believed by Don Quixote to be a princess in disguise of a peasant girl when in fact, she really is a peasant girl. Later on though, Saavedra explains this turn of events in Don Quixotes life: â€Å"I have reason to think that Sanchos artifice to deceive his mater, and make him believe the peasant girl to be Dulcinea enchanted, was in fact, all a contrivance of some one of the magicians who persecute Don Quixote † (369). Therefore, Saavedra has created two worlds—one that is entirely fictional wherein the character of Don Quixote resides, and the other is metaficitonal wherein the character of Don Quixote does reside still but which it is explained why he has such ridiculous notions of chivalry and enchantments. In conclusion, though metafiction may seem to be such a complex and wondrous thing, it cannot exist without a person knowing first what is fictional. Metafiction exists in the world of fiction—a person cannot write or create a metafictional world without going into a fictional one. That is like a person wanting to break the rules without knowing what were the rules in the first place. Literature is truly complex but at the same time unbelievable and amazing—Saavedra and Borges can attest to that. Works Cited Borges, Jorge Luis. Ficciones. New York: Grove Press, 1962. Saavedra, Miguel de Cervantes. Don Quixote dela Mancha. New York: Penguin Group Incorporated, 1957. Lui, Kate. â€Å"Theories of Metafiction. † Postmodern Theories and Texts. 1998. Department of English Language and Literature, Fu Jen University. 4 Aug. 2009.

Genetic Engineering: Our Key to a Better World Essay -- Genetic Engine

What is genetic engineering one might ask and why is there so much moral controversy surrounding the topic? Genetic engineering as defined by Pete Moore, "is the name given to a wide variety of techniques that have one thing in common: they all allow the biologist to take a gene from one cell and insert it into another" (SS1). Such techniques included in genetic engineering (both "good" and "bad") are, genetic screening both during the fetal stage and later in life, gene therapy, sex selection in fetuses, and cloning. Because of many ethical, religious, and safety concerns, genetic engineering is the source of much debate and argument. Many people, even scientists, have raised strong questions concerning the issue. In his article Moore raises such questions as, "Could the technology get out of control and damage human health or the environment? Who will decide which of the many uses are safe and permissible, and which should be banned? How can we assess the safety of genetic enginee ring?" (SS1) These questions and similar ones raised by the opposition do hold valid moral and ethical considerations. However, the vast benefits of regulated genetic engineering techniques could greatly improve human health, the environment, and agriculture, and must be allowed to be explored by responsible scientists. Simply put, genetic engineering offers a possible brighter future for our world and everyone in it and it must be pursued in a restricted manner so the positive effects can be obtained. The first point that must be made when arguing for the use of genetic engineering is stressing that genetic engineering must be highly controlled to avoid possible catastrophe. In his book, The Ethics of Genetic Control, Joseph Fletcher describes ... ...seases would also be eliminated. It is obvious that both sides of the genetic engineering debate have very valid arguments based on their beliefs. However, from the scientist standpoint the banning of genetic engineering research and techniques would be a rash mistake. For how can we know what might have been if we never try? And how can with move our world into the future without exploring progress? Therefore, under strict controls, safety precautions, and bans of unethical techniques, genetic engineering could very well be the key to a better world and a better life for all. Works Cited: Fletcher, Joseph. The Ethics of Genetic Control. New York: Anchor Press/Doubleday, 1974. Moore, Pete. "Genetic Manipulation." New Scientist 13 Nov. 1993: SS1-SS4. Shannon, Thomas A. What Are They Saying About Genetic Engineering? New York: Paulist Press, 1985.

Cmi Level 7 Unit 7006

1. Identify the current strategic aims and objectives 2. Undertake an evaluation of the component parts of a strategic plan 3. Analyze the factors affecting the strategic plan The history of Harley-Davidson began in 1903, in a 10†² x 15†² shed located in the Davidson family's Milwaukee backyard. The Davidson brothers – William D. , Walter, and Arthur – and William S. Harley crafted their first motorcycle using the best tools they had available – mostly their hands and their ingenuity. Since that time Harley-Davidson has learned many lessons on how to operate a business.We are focused on providing our customers with not just a quality product, but also an overall experience. Our mission statement is as follows: honesty, integrity and personal growth in all of our dealings with stakeholders. Our values are the rules by which we operate. At Harley-Davidson, we are equally committed to a corporate vision that mandates how we run our business. Within this vi sion we emphasize the relationships that we deem crucial to our success, including our relationships with customers and suppliers. Our vision states: HARLEY-DAVIDSON, INC.IS AN ACTION-ORIENTED, INTERNATIONAL COMPANY, A LEADER IN ITS COMMITMENT TO CONTINUOUSLY IMPROVE OUR MUTUALLY BENEFICIAL RELATIONSHIPS WITH STAKEHOLDERS (CUSTOMERS, SUPPLIERS, EMPLOYEES, SHAREHOLDERS, GOVERNMENT, AND SOCIETY). HARLEY-DAVIDSON BELIEVES THE KEY TO SUCCESS IS TO BALANCE STAKEHOLDERSi INTERESTS THROUGH THE EMPOWERMENT OF ALL EMPLOYEES TO FOCUS ON VALUEADDED ACTIVITIES. Doing Business With Harley-Davidson Our vision is our corporate conscience and it helps us to eliminate short term thinking, such as â€Å"cashing in† on the intense demand for our motorcycles by giving quantity precedence over quality to save a few dollars per unit.It also encourages every employee in our organization to be acutely aware of his or her role in satisfying our stakeholders. Harley-Davidson has become the world leade r in the super-heavyweight (850cc+) motorcycle market because of our unwavering commitment to continuously improve upon the superior quality of our products. This quality commitment is built on the satisfaction of each and every customer, internal and external, including everyone from our production line employees to our end users.This belief is captured within our quality policy statement: HARLEY-DAVIDSON IS COMMITTED TO CONTINUOUS IMPROVEMENT TO REDUCE WASTE, DEFECTS AND VARIABILITY IN EVERYTHING WE DO, WHILE STRIVING TO MEET / EXCEED CUSTOMERS' EXPECTATIONS. It is the goal of Harley-Davidson to satisfy our customers by not only meeting, but also exceeding their expectations and by giving them superior value for their money. We can accomplish this only if you, as a Harley-Davidson supplier, embrace our company's values and commitment to quality to the extent that we do.Our hope is that you will see reward in satisfying our customers, which are also your customers. Please remember you are not simply selling your products to Harley-Davidson, you are selling them to our customers. 1. Apply a range of strategic analysis tools to audit progress towards strategic aims and objectives 2. Review and assess the expectations of all stakeholders and their influence upon the organizational strategy 3. Analyze, interpret and produce a structured evaluation of organizational strategic positionHarley Davidson has always been known for its differentiated products that have continuously stood out from the norm. This has a lot to do with strategies Harley uses to promote its products and services. Some of the key strategies used throughout 2013 were the promotion of its 110th Anniversary Special Edition Motorcycles and the worldwide Open Road Tour used to advertise their current production line. The stunning 2013 model 110th Anniversary Harley-Davidson motorcycles, which feature rich new paint schemes and special 110th Anniversary identification has been an instant success.Eve ry 2003 motorcycle in the line-up has been designated a 110th Anniversary model. The company has extended the model year to 14 months to give even more customers the opportunity to own a piece of Harley-Davidson history. The Anniversary celebrations began back in late 2011 as the Open Road Tour made its way to Atlanta, Baltimore, Los Angeles, Toronto and Dallas/Fort Worth. The festivities then traveled overseas to Sydney, Tokyo, Barcelona and Hamburg. Billed as the world’s largest rolling birthday party, the Open Road Tour brought the Harley-Davidson experience full throttle to riders and enthusiasts around the world.Receiving worldwide exposure at minimal advertising costs, the Open Road Tour has been a complete success, thus allowing Harley’s unique and differentiated products to be seen up close around the world. Additionally, Harley-Davidson established the Harley Owners Group (HOG) in 1983 in response to a growing desire by Harley riders for an organized way to sh are their passion and show their pride. By 1985, 49 local chapters had sprouted around the 12 country, with a total membership of 60,000.Now in 2013, the promotion of the 110th Anniversary has allowed the membership to include over 1200 chapters and close to 800,000 members. HOG has played a major role in the success of the 110Th Anniversary celebration. This one of a kind, unique strategy which started 20 years ago by Harley and its members, has grown tremendously and will continue to play an important role in the future success of the company. Strategies such as these implemented by internal management and carried out by dedicated customers and members are one of the most precious assets a company can ever dream of.That is the Harley way!! Furthermore, the key strategies relating to the distribution channels have allowed Harley-Davidson the world-wide exposure needed to market its product with tremendous success and demand that has always seemed to exceed supply. To date, there ar e more than 1300 independent dealers worldwide. Over 630 are within the United States alone. Recognizing that to grow sales will take more than just an increase in capacity, the company’s aim has been to add 20-30 dealers per year to grow the dealer network, with an increase of roughly 5-10 domestically and the balance internationally.In addition to its dedicated dealer network, the company also uses smaller, occasionally temporary retail outlets in high-traffic areas, such as airports, to sell accessory products like apparel, collectibles, and licensed products. This gives Harley the additional exposure needed without having to spend millions on other forms of advertising. In order to effectively analyze Harley Davidson, we wanted to present a breakdown of the different price ranges offered based on the current list of the five classes of heavyweight motorcycles produced under the Harley Davidson name. BusinessHarley-Davidson, Inc. was incorporated in 1981, at which time it purchased the Harley-Davidson ® motorcycle business from AMF Incorporated in a management buyout. In 1986, Harley-Davidson, Inc. became publicly held. Unless the context otherwise requires, all references to the â€Å"Company† include Harley-Davidson, Inc. and all of its subsidiaries. The Company operates in two segments: the Motorcycles ; Related Products (Motorcycles) segment and the Financial Services (Financial Services) segment. The Company's reportable segments are strategic business units that offer different products and services.They are managed separately based on the fundamental differences in their operations. The Motorcycles segment designs, manufactures and sells at wholesale heavyweight (engine displacement of 651+cc) Harley-Davidson motorcycles as well as a line of motorcycle parts, accessories, general merchandise and related services. The Company's products are sold to retail customers through a network of independent dealers. The Company conducts business on a global basis, with sales in North America, Europe/Middle East/Africa (EMEA), AsiaPacific and Latin America.In 2009, the Company decided to exit its former Buell product line and ceased production of Buell motorcycles. The sale of remaining Buell motorcycle inventory to independent dealers and/or distributors was substantially completed during 2010. The majority of independent dealers continue to provide ongoing service and replacement parts to Buell owners. In 2010, the Company completed the sale of MV Agusta (MV). The results of MV have been presented as a discontinued operation for all periods. The Motorcycles segment discussion that follows is specific to the Harley-Davidson brand unless otherwise specifically noted.The Financial Services segment consists of Harley-Davidson Financial Services (HDFS). HDFS provides wholesale and retail financing and provides insurance and insurance-related programs primarily to Harley-Davidson dealers and their retail customers. HDFS conduct s business principally in the United States and Canada. Harley-Davidson, Inc. , SWOT Analysis * Overview Harley-Davidson, Inc. (Harley-Davidson) designs, manufactures, and sells heavyweight motorcycles. The company markets, its products in North America, Europe, Asia/Pacific and Latin America.The company’s strong brand image, coupled with its wide range of products, helps it to be a front-runner in the industry. However, dependence on the domestic market and product issues are a few areas of concern to the company. Nonetheless, expansion in global markets, especially Asian markets, and launch of new models could ensure a strong future for the company. New emission standards for two wheelers and the prevailing competition could negatively impact the company’s growth. Harley-Davidson, Inc. SWOT Analysis| Strengths| Weakness| Strong Brand ImageBroad Product and Service PortfolioFocused Research and Development Activities| Product Recalls/IssuesDependence on the Domestic M arket| Opportunities| Treats| Global ExpansionNew Product LaunchesRestructuring Plans| New Emission Standards for Two WheelersProcurement of Raw MaterialsCompetitive Landscape| * Strengths Strong Brand Image Harley-Davidson owns one of the strongest brands in the world, which helps it attract and retain a loyal customer base.The company established a strong brand image with its motorcycles achieving iconic status and being ranked among the world’s most valuable brands. Harley-Davidson has been continuously ranked among the top 100 global brands in the world. The company holds 55. 7% share in the US heavyweight market; and is ranked No. 1 or No. 2 in the heavyweight motorcycle market share in nine countries across Europe. Harley-Davidson’s motorcycles are known for their traditional styling, design simplicity, durability and quality.The company achieved industry recognition for its high quality, best design, robust performance and unflinching customer confidence, loyalt y and trust of its products and services. The Harley-Davidson brand has significantly contributed to the success of the company by building strong market recognition and a loyal customer base. Broad Product and Service Portfolio Harley-Davidson offers a broad array of products and services through its two business segments, namely, the Motorcycles ; Related Products segment and the Financial Services segment.The company offers a variety of products in the motorcycle segment to cater to the various needs of its customer base. Harley-Davidson designs, manufactures and sells heavyweight touring, custom and performance motorcycles, besides a line of motorcycle parts, accessories, general merchandise and related services. Harley-Davidson is well known for its unique motorcycles. Its subsidiary, Harley-Davidson Motor Company (HDMC), manufactures five families of motorcycles, namely, Touring, Dyna, Softail, Sportster and V-Rod.These models are distinguished by their frame, engine, suspensi on, and other characteristics. The company shipped 233,117 motorcycles in the fiscal year ended December 2011, comprising 39. 5% Touring motorcycle units, 39. 2% Custom motorcycle units, and 21. 3% Sportster motorcycle units. Through Harley-Davidson Financial Services (HDFS), the company offers a package of wholesale and retail financial services for its products, providing it a competitive edge in the motorcycles business in the US and Canada regions. HDFS financed 51% and 30. 4% of the new Harley-Davidson otorcycles retailed by independent dealers in the US and Canada respectively in 2011. HDFS provides wholesale financial services to Harley-Davidson motorcycle dealers, including floor plan and open account financing of motorcycles and motorcycle parts and accessories. These specific services provide a competitive edge to the company in capturing a higher market share and enhancing its bottom line. Focused Research and Development Activities Harley-Davidson has a strong research a nd development unit that facilitates innovation and attracts industry attention.Its Product Development Center (PDC) undertakes the development of new and better quality products. The company spent $145. 4m, $136. 2m, $143. 1m and $163. 5m in the fiscal years ended December 2011, 2010, 2009 and 2008 respectively on research and development activities. Harley-Davidson’s continuous focus on R;D helped the company in launching innovative products such as Softail motorcycles with 1584 cc engine with new features such as new hand controls, a larger odometer, and an anti-lock braking system option.Continuous research and development activity enables the company to maintain a leading position in custom and touring motorcycle market and develop products for the performance segment. Focused R;D activities enable the company to offer innovative products and improve its operational performance. * Weaknesses Product Recalls/Issues Product recalls/issues not only affects the companyâ€⠄¢s current revenue, but could also affect its long-term performance by reducing customer confidence.In February 2012, Harley-Davidson launched a repair service campaign to fix faulty brakes in about 1,228 units of 12 models, including the Road King and the Electra Glide Ultra Classic. In October 2011, the company initiated a world-wide recall affecting over 308,000 units of its Touring, CVO Touring and Trike motorbikes. The company made this recall owing to a potentially dangerous glitch with their braking systems, where in the problem with a switch on the bikes could cause the brake lights to stop working, or may even cause the rear brakes to fail.Such recalls would hamper Harley-Davidson’s brand image and have a significant impact on its product sales. Dependence on the Domestic Market Harley-Davidson focuses predominantly on the US and generates a major part of its revenue from that market, which could increase its business risk. For the fiscal year ended December 2011, t he company’s Motorcycles business reported revenue of $4. 67 billion comprising 67. 7% revenue generated from the US, 16. 8% from Europe, 4. 9% from Japan, 3. 3% from Canada, 3% from Australia and 4. 3% from Other foreign countries.In 2011, its Financial Services business reported revenue of $649. 44m comprising 95. 3% from the US, 0. 7% from Europe and 4% from Canada. Such geographical concentration makes Harley-Davidson vulnerable to the risks of economic downturn in any single market. * Opportunities Global Expansion Harley-Davidson has huge opportunities for growth in the overseas market. In October 2011, the company opened a new permanent Latin America headquarters in Miami, Florida, the US. Through this new headquarters, the company can expands its focus on customers in Latin America.In the fiscal year ended December 2011, retail sales of Harley-Davidson motorcycles from the international markets witnesses a rise of 6. 1%. The rising demand in Europe, Asia, Australia, L atin America and Africa offers huge potential for the company. In 2011, Harley-Davidson completed its second CKD (complete knock down) assembly plant in India to further strengthen its operations in the Asia-Pacific region. In 2010, the company opened a 1,000 square meter showroom in Beirut. This is the first and only showroom in the Levant which includes six-station service facilities with staff trained by the company.In a bid to garner a higher market shares in these regions, the company already refined its business and marketing strategies that are attuned to local customer preferences. Focus on international expansion would help the company enhance its business aggressively and reap greater benefits. New Product Launches Harley-Davidson could benefit from its new product launches. The company intends to explore new methods to enhance its value by introducing new products, which provide an edge over other players in the market.In February 2012, Harley-Davidson launched two new mo torcycle models, namely, the Seventy-Two and the Softail Slim, further strengthening its heavyweight custom offerings. In July 2011, the company offered its customers an H-D1, a comprehensive set of customization tools. In January 2011, the company introduced new Softail motorcycles with 1584 cc engine and through its Touring motorcycles line, the company introduced Electra Glide Classic, Road King, Road King Classic, Ultra Classic Electra Glide and Electra Glide Ultra Limited touring bikes.The company’s 2010 models include nine new domestic models of heavyweight motorcycles. New model launches could help the company sustain its leadership position in the highly competitive automotive industry. Restructuring Plans Effective 2009 – 2010, Harley-Davidson announced a series of restructuring measures, which focused on reducing administrative costs, eliminating excess capacity and exiting non-core business operations.In 2009, as a part of the restructuring plan, the company consolidated engine and transmission plants, closed a distribution facility, discontinued the domestic transportation fleet, consolidated vehicle test facilities, and exited the Buell product line. In September 2010, the company’s unionized employees in Wisconsin ratified three separate new seven-year labor agreements, which take effect in April 2012 when the current contracts expire. The new contracts would allow flexibility and increased production efficiency.Harley-Davidson also repurchased expensive debt worth $300m and is expected to save $45m annually for three years. In December 2011, the company announced plans to cease its operations at New Castalloy, its Australian subsidiary producer of cast motorcycle wheels and wheel hubs; and source those components through other existing suppliers. This move was made in line with its overall strategy to develop world-class manufacturing capability throughout the company by restructuring and consolidating operations for greater competitiveness, efficiency and flexibility.Such restructuring initiatives by Harley-Davidson are expected to improve its operational performance in the long-run. * Threats New Emission Standards for Two Wheelers Harley-Davidson could face increased challenges in its two wheeler business due to the stringent emission standards. According to Dealernews. com, motorcycle industry stakeholders in Europe announced plans to increase EURO 3 emission standards to more stringent EURO 5 standards by 2015. Association des Constructeurs Europeens de Motorcycles (ACEM) is likely to introduce EURO 3 standard for mopeds and Euro 4 standard for motorcycles by 2012.It also proposed the introduction of more stringent emission test cycle, and EURO 5 standard for motorcycles by 2015. Such implementations might require the company to redesign its vehicles, which could result in increased operating costs. Failure to comply with the standards could result in penalties and affect its profit margins. Procu rement of Raw Materials Harley-Davidson relies on suppliers to obtain raw materials and provide components for use in manufacturing its motorcycles. It depends on a single supplier for certain of its raw materials.Such a situation makes the company’s business dependent on the ability of the supplier to deliver the ordered raw materials in time. The rising input costs could also have a major impact on the operational costs of Harley-Davidson. Increasing pressure of the costs of commodities leads to capacity constraints, lower production and financial distress to raw material suppliers. In case of a delay in receiving the raw materials, product delivery to its customers could also get delayed, which impacts its business and customer relations.Competitive Landscape Harley-Davidson manufactures motorcycles in the US, Canada, Europe, and Asia. Many of the company’s competitors have more diversified businesses and they may compete in the automotive market or all segments of the motorcycle market. Its motorcycle retail prices are generally higher than that of its competitors. If price becomes a crucial factor for consumers in the heavyweight motorcycle market, Harley-Davidson would be at a competitive disadvantage.Moreover, its financial services operations face stiff competition from various banks, insurance companies and other financial institutions that may have access to additional sources of capital at more competitive rates and terms, particularly for borrowers in higher credit tiers. The company’s failure to address and respond to these competitive pressures worldwide would have a material adverse effect on its market share. 1. Identify and develop a range of alternative strategic options to meet strategic aims and objectives 2. Determine and justify the strategic option that meets the revised strategic position

Family Conflicts

Family Conflicts There are a lot of things that could cause conflict among a family. Some like jealousy, infidelity, and the way you were raised. Jealousy is the natural counterpart of love; when you commit your love to one person, you want an exclusive commitment in return. Anything that threatens that commitment, whether it is another person, a hobby, a job or a situation, causes jealousy. You want the attention of the person you love; when it is taken by another person, activity or thing, you are jealous for the one you love, and jealous of whatever is claiming that person's attention.It can cause the family to fight often which causes family to drift apart which causes emotional problems between the parents and children. Infidelity affects everyone in a family not just the parents. The children take a large blow from it too. It can cause them to act out. Experts say children who learn about parental infidelity react similarly to children whose parents divorce, except the emotiona l responses to cheating are deeper and can have greater, longer-lasting impacts. Children who see a parent cheat lose trust in them because the parent was always telling them to be good.But in the end they were the ones misbehaving. The difference in between parents being raised can have a large impact on the family and how they raise their own children. If a parent was raised in a strict family they might want to pass that to their teaching styles of their own children. But if theres a strict parent and a free willing parent, they may not see eye to eye. That in turn would cause them to fight about how their children should be raised. Which could end up in a crazy custody battle.

Getting Started With Student Portfolios

Getting Started With Student Portfolios There are many wonderful benefits to having students create portfoliosone is the enhancement of critical thinking skills which results from the need for students to develop evaluation criteria. You can also use this criteria to evaluate their work and engage in self-reflection about their progress. Additionally, students are pleased to observe their personal growth, they tend to  have better attitudes toward their work, and they are more likely to think of themselves as writers. The payoff for using portfolios becomes concrete when students discover they can earn college credit and, in some cases, skip a freshman writing class by creating a top notch writing portfolio while they are still in high school.    Before proceeding with assigning a portfolio, familiarize yourself with the rules and credit requirements for such a project. Theres little point to requiring this work from students if theyre not properly credited or dont understand the assignment.   Working Student Portfolio A working portfolio, often a simple file folder containing all the students work, is helpful when used in conjunction with the evaluation portfolio; you can start it prior to deciding what youll require in the evaluation portfolio and thus protect work from being lost. Arrangements must be made, however, to store folders in the classroom. Students at all levels generally become proud as they watch their work accumulateeven students who rarely work will be amazed to see five or more assignments that they actually finished. Getting Started With Student Portfolios There are three main factors that go into the development of a student portfolio assessment. First, you must decide on the purpose of your students  portfolios. For example, the portfolios might be used to show student growth, to identify weak spots in student work, and/or to evaluate your own teaching methods. After deciding the purpose of the portfolio, you will need to determine how you are going to grade it. In other words, what would a student need in their portfolio for it to be considered a success and for them to earn a passing grade? The answer to the previous two questions helps form the answer to the third: What should be included in the portfolio? Are you going to have students put in all  of  their work or only certain assignments? Who gets to choose? By answering the above questions, you are able to start student portfolios off on the right foot. A big mistake some teachers make is to just jump into student portfolios without thinking through exactly how they are going to manage them. To help you answer these questions, you might find it helpful to review the Portfolio Planning Checklist and Suggested Portfolio Items for each kind of portfolio students will keep. If done in a focused way, creating student portfolios will be a rewarding experience for both student and teacher.

Cute Boyfriend Quotes

Cute Boyfriend Quotes Do you love it when your friends gush, Hes so cute! whenever you talk about your boyfriend? Do you like everyone to think that you are dating the cutest guy in the world? Cute boys are sexy eye-candy at every party or pub. If you have a cute boyfriend, you make your friends envious. These cute boyfriend quotes will make you fall in love with your boyfriend all over again. Share them with your friends, and learn what your friends think about your boyfriend. Sarah McLachlan My love, you know you are my best friend. You know that Id do anything for you, and my love, let nothing come between us. My love for you is strong and true. Louisa May Alcott ​Love is a great beautifier. Jennifer Aniston I feel sexy in my jeans and wearing my boyfriends T-shirt. Kim Kardashian Ive always been the type to fall in love fast and, with every boyfriend, I plan out my wedding in my head. Rita Rudner My boyfriend and I broke up. He wanted to get married and I didnt want him to. Steve Maraboli When in a relationship, a real man doesnt make his woman jealous of others, he makes others jealous of his woman. Cecily von Ziegesar, You Know You Love Me Give a girl a boyfriend and she becomes a total expert on relationships. Michelle M. Pillow When people get into their 30s plus boyfriend sounds weird...if you really think about it. Instead, I think we should universally start using the term manfriend or snookie bookie cuddles pie. Elizabeth Barrett Browning How do I love thee?Let me count the ways.I love thee to the depth and breadth andheight my soul can reach. Emily Bronte Whatever our souls are made of, his and mine are the same. P. Colby If love is a language of the heart, my heart speaks volumes. Robert Sexton Sometimes your nearness takes my breath away; and all the things I want to say can find no voice. Then, in silence, I can only hope my eyes will speak my heart. Ashley Tisdale In high school, it was all about popularity, being with the boyfriend and all the girls thinking hes cute. John Lennon Love is a promise, love is a souvenir, once given never forgotten, never let it disappear. Dr. Seuss You know youre in love when you cant fall asleep because reality is finally better than your dreams. Jodi Picoult You dont love someone because theyre perfect, you love them in spite of the fact that theyre not. Alexandra Penney in Self The ultimate test of a relationship is to disagree but to hold hands. Barbara Johnson Never let a problem to be solved become more important than a person to be loved. Stephenie Meyer, New Moon I honestly have no idea how to live without you. Calvin Klein I think theres something incredibly sexy about a woman wearing her boyfriends T-shirt and underwear. Ginnifer Goodwin Nudity is for my boyfriend or my doctor. April Winchell I am severely distracted these days. Its hard to sit in front of the computer, uploading bad music for hours, when you have a wonderful boyfriend who treats you like a Goddess.

The Crusades Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Crusades - Essay Example The outcomes of the Crusades on Europe during this era became a significant aspect in evolving and in the development of the European civilization, affecting all aspects of life. These include the riches and control of the Catholic Church. Thus, it further increased and expanded their influence and supremacy, placing the Christian legion and resources under their full control. In addition, they attuned the people to look upon them as leaders. Above and beyond all the clout and dominance the papacy had on the people, the pouring out of gifts of devoutness was engorged by the astonishing zeal of spiritual passion into epic scope. In all these, the preeminence of papal rule and the prosperity of the Catholic Church were immensely amplified. Another aspect that was greatly developed because of the Crusades was on business and trading. A steady exigency for transportation led to the construction of ships. This widened the borders of trade, broadening the market into all of Europe. Overflo wing trade goods coming from the rich lands of China and other Asian countries also found their way to Europe, therefore, building a stronger association with the European and Asian cultures. The crusades undoubtedly changed Western European life. For example, they helped chip away feudalism. Countless noblemen and knights loaned or sold away their lands to finance journeys and expeditions. This deterioration in both the numbers and power, and the matching intensification of the regal power, may be pinned down in the revolution that transpired in the birthplace of the movement, France. The Crusades, aside from their effects on religious and economical facet, facilitated the decomposition of the power of feudal nobility. It gave way to the importance of the kings and the people. Societal growth and expansion were now in the hands of the burgher class, or the middle class. Social changes also sprung out from the Crusades. It was one of the primary and the most important nurturing stim ulus of the code of chivalry. Intensified and re-enforced contact and communication with Eastern influences also were refined during this period. The religious war reformed the crusaders’ intellectual beliefs and ideas as well. They liberalized their mentality, and encouraged them to venture out from castles and villages to go and explore grand urban towns and cities, magnificent palaces, marvelous clothing, and stylish and graceful etiquette. These people came home with enhanced preferences, widened beliefs and views about the world. Because of the crusades, a new world was opened in front of them. The motivation given to geographical breakthrough that changed the entire concept and thinking of the way the world was directed different explorers, such as the notable Italian Marco Polo who discovered the beauty of China, rousing the adventures and voyages of Vasco de Gama, Magellan and Christopher Columbus, may possibly be tracked back to the vigorous awareness in geographical subjects. Jerry Ciacho November 20, 2011 The Black Death The Black Death, the immense outburst of the Bubonic Plague, was indeed among the most terrible and devastating blows in all of history. It wiped out more than a hundred million people, eating into cities and towns, encroaching with a steady but unbelievably rapid stride but hit its upmost death toll in Europe during the Middle Ages between 1348 and 1350. Many believe this global virulent disease initially came from China. The bubonic plague for the most part affected only rodents, but fleas started to spread the disease to people. China was the bustling trading center of the world and with the outbreak, it was bound to extend to Western Asia and the rest of Europe. Reaching the shores of

Socialization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Socialization - Essay Example The U.S. has, in the space of five years, become a nation that ignores the very precepts of its founding and international law as well. Young persons that do not fully understand what freedoms they are losing and what this country originally stood for will believe that this type of activity by the government is considered acceptable. That is a frightening prospect as their generation will be more willing to continue the present trend of giving away freedoms for the sake of security until they no longer enjoy the freedoms that their forefathers intended for them and their fathers and grandfathers fought and gave their lives for. In addition, young persons in the U.S. will never have the pride in their country as did their fore-bearers because the country has lost its respect throughout the world and rightfully so. President George Bush characterized the ‘War on Terrorism’ as a prolonged battle against those that would employ terrorist actions along with the nations that enabled them. In addition, the U.S. Congress gave formal authorization to the president on September 18, 2001 to â€Å"use all necessary and appropriate force against those nations, organizations, or persons he determines planned, authorized, committed, or aided the terrorist attacks that occurred on September 11, 2001, or harbored such organizations or persons, in order to prevent any future acts of international terrorism against the United States by such nations, organizations or persons† (U.S. Code Collection, 2002). The ultimate culmination of the rhetoric and selective legal reasoning regarding the ‘War on Terror’ was Bush’s order of the U.S. military to invade both Iraq and Afghanistan, an illegal act on many fronts. According to the United States Constitution Article One, Section Eight, only Congress has the exclusive authority to declare war. Presidents do not have this authority (U.S. Constitution). However,

Nursing - Medication Errors Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Nursing - Medication Errors - Research Paper Example To compress in a nut shell, it can be described as the wrong medication to the patients. This is where the role of nurses comes under scrutiny, as nurses could act as a major contributing factor for the occurrence of medication errors. Generally diagnoses of the diseases are carried out by the physicians with the aid of other medical personnel, including lab technicians. Monitoring the status of the patients and providing them with the right medicine as prescribed by the physicians at the right time frames is the basic and the essential task of the nurses. Moreover the medication errors are nurse-oriented, as they attend to each and every need of the patients, and are in direct contact with the patients, everyday. Hence they need to have accurate details about the medication given as well as the timings of drug delivery and perfect monitoring of the patients. When they fail to perform their duties in relation to drug delivery, it could end up in medication errors. Some of the major m edication errors that will be focused in this paper include the following, Over dosage of the medicine, or the route of administration Failure to prescribe or administer the exact drug to the patients Lack of observation – failure to observe the correct time of administration, this may be due to the difficulties in understanding the prescription and confusion about the different drugs which has similar names. These are some of the errors which can cause lethal effects to the patients such as drastic physical complications affecting various parts of the body, and in extreme cases coma or even death in some patients. Recent studies reveal that â€Å"Ten to 18 percent of all reported hospital injuries have been attributed to medication errors.† (Mayo and Duncan, 2004). â€Å"Of the approximately 44,000 –98,000 patient deaths reported each year because of medical errors, 7,000 were attributed to medication† errors. (Stratton et al., 2004). These statistical d ata would back up the fact of the lethal effects caused by medication errors caused by the nurses. Hence, this paper will discuss the issues related to the medication errors, which are issues related to nursing, direct and indirect impacts on the health care policy, statistical data to support the issue and other implications for future nursing practices. Medication errors related to nursing A patient who comes to a healthcare facility can be treated optimally only if proper diagnosis is made, and importantly correct drug therapy is prescribed and carried out. However, â€Å"drug therapy cannot be successful unless, and until, both the prescribing and medication delivery processes are conducted correctly.† (Flynn et al., 2002). During this prescribing and delivery process, there are many chances of error creeping in, with all the healthcare personnel including physicians, technicians, nurses, etc., liable for it. They could do some minor or even major error, and that could co ntribute to major problems for the patient, themselves and to the healthcare facility. However, the issue with these medication errors is that many errors go undocumented and unreported. This perspective was validated by Flynn et al. (2002), who stated â€Å"errors resulting in serious harm are reported because they are easy to identify and hard to conceal, yet they represent the "tip of the iceberg",† with many errors intentionally or unintentionally concealed by various players. Among the various players or healthcare person

Corporate Crimes And Corporate Governance To Combat Them

Corporate Crimes And Corporate Governance To Combat Them Corporate crimes refer to criminal practices by individuals that have the legal authority to have a word for a corporation or company. These can include presidents, managers ,directors and chairman , sales people and agent or anyone within a company that has the authority to act on behalf of the firm Corporate crimes often seen to involve a very different set of dealings between offenders and victims, as there are less obvious direct harm or blood on the streets (Clarke, 1990). It appears less personal as immediate victims are often employers, the government, the public health or the environment and in many cases, such as where Safety laws are broken, causing the death or injury of employees, there is no direct intent to harm. There are also different images of the structural dimensions of victimization. To some, all citizens are victims of this kind of crime, irrespective of age, class or gender, whereas to others the crimes of the wealthy and powerful prey on the poor and powerless. Yet at the same time, victims of some financial frauds may fail to attract sympathy as they are assumed to be wealthy and to have willingly parted with their money (Shichor et al., 2000). Corporate crimes: scopes and definitions As far as scope of the crime is concern this has to be noticed that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Many victims are unaware of any harm and cannot detect it themselves as happens, for example, with some major frauds, pollution, food adulteration and descriptions of consumer goods. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Victimization is often indirect and impersonal, affecting entities such as the government although there are indirect effects on individuals tax payers, for example, have to pay more and receive fewer benefits due to tax evasion. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Individual victims may lose very little yet the illegal profits may be large as in cases in which a bank employee takes one penny out of thousands of accounts or a firm sells goods which weigh less than indicated.  [1]   This term white collar crime was coined by Edward Sutherland in his pioneering 1949 study, White Collar Crime. It describes non-violent crimes committed by corporations or individuals in the course of their business activity. Examples of criminal behaviour in most jurisdiction includes: antitrust violations ,fraud ,damage to the environment in violation of environmental legislation, exploitation of labour in violation of labour laws ,and failure to maintain a fiduciary responsibility toward shareholders. In criminology, corporate crime refers to crimes committed either by a corporation (i.e., a business entity having a separate legal personality from the natural persons that manage its activities), or by individuals that may be identified with a corporation or other business entity. Corporate Crime is criminal activity on behalf of a business organization. During much of American history the primary legal stance relating to activity of business was decidedly laissez-faire (leave it alone to do as it will). Under the influence of capitalist philosophy American Courts adopted the view that governments should not interfere with businesses by attempting to regulate it. For a long period of history victims of defective and dangerous products could not sue corporations for damages because the guiding principle was caveat emperor (let the buyer beware), and unhealthy and dangerous working conditions in mines, mills and factories were excused under the freedom of contract clause of the constitution  [2]  . Although attitudes in the 20th century changed considerably, crimes of frauds, concealment, and misrepresentation continued to victimize all sorts of groups and individuals in society. Crimes such as these are actions committed during the course of fulfilling the name of corporate profits and growth. Today as corporations have been found to be involved in environmental and health and safety law violations. In the United Kingdom, following several fatal disasters on the rail network and at sea, the term is now also commonly used in reference to corporate manslaughter. In this category would also be included the culpability of Union Carbide in the 1985 accident in Bhopal, India and the current behaviour of the pharmaceutical industry which puts profits ahead of the needs of HIV and other patients worldwide. Yet a third category of corporate crime is State-corporate crime. In a globalized world where States negotiate and conclude agreements with corporations and other international part ies or bodies, opportunities will arise for unjust enrichment and national laws will be broken. The Enron Scandal: The first major scandal of the first decade of 21st century is that Enron Corporation, which has been called one of the most intricate pieces of financial chicanery in history and for investors in its stock and its employees. The Enron sandal did tremendous damage to the company created a crisis of investors confidence the links of which has been seen since the great depression. Enron was a $100 billion corporate empire that had more then 200,000 employees in 40 countries and controlled about one quarter of all trading in natural gas and electricity in the United Status. The company poured millions of dollars into political campaign and lobbyists arguing of further deregulation of energy markets. The Enron hierarchy expected the never-ending innovation and growth from its executive to feed this monster enterprise. In response executives created imaginary markets, paper partnerships and phantom growth that enabled them to report profits that did not exist and to hide debts hat did. Executives were accomplished at cooking the financial books in many ingenious ways, which kept Enrons stock prices rising and thus their own compensation. Because much of the competition received by Enrons executives was stock based, they had major incentives to make the company look as good as possible to investors by reporting high profits. Indian Scenario There are a number of corporate crimes that have come into light now days. One of the major havoc that is created in present times is because of mysterious disappearance of corporations. Of the 5,651 companies listed on Bombay Stock exchange, 2750 have vanished. It means that one out of two companies that come to the stock exchange to raise crores of rupees from investors loot and run away. Even big names like Home Trade came up with huge publicity stunts but after raising money, vanished into the thin air. About 11 million investors have invested Rs. 10,000 crore in these 2750 companies. We have Securities Exchange Board of India, Reserve Bank of India and Department of Companies Affairs to monitor the stock exchange transactions but none has documented the whereabouts of these 2750 odd companies suspended from the stock exchange. Many of the promoters and merchant bankers who are responsible for these are roaming scotfree Court in Assistant Commissioner, Assessment-ll, Banglore Ors. v. Velliappa Textiles Ltd Anr  [3]  . took the view that since an artificial person like a company could not be physically punished to a term of imprisonment, such a section, which makes it mandatory to impose minimum term of imprisonment, cannot apply to the case of artificial person. However, Supreme Court in 2005 in Standard Charted Bank v. Directorate Of Enforcement  [4]  in majority decision of 3:2 expressly overruled the Velliapa Textiles case  [5]  on this issue. K.J Balkrishanan J. in majority opinion held We hold that there is no immunity to the companies from prosecution merely because the prosecution is in respect of offences for which punishment prescribed is mandatory imprisonment. We overrule the views expressed by the majority in Velliappa Textiles on this point There is a severe need to fight this evil of corporate crime As has been belatedly recognized in many jurisdictions, corporate crime causes far greater damage than violent street crimes. It therefore deserves more attention from the law enforcement community. According to the FBIs 2001 report, the United States reportedly lost USD17.2 billion from robbery, burglary, theft and motor-vehicle theft while the Enron fiasco alone cost investors, pensioners and employees more than three times that amount. The United Kingdom estimates that in 2004,  £78 million (USD139 million) was lost to healthcare fraud, a reduction from  £171 million (USD305 million) in 1999. In 2004, Transparency International estimated that at least USD400 billion was lost per year worldwide due to bribery in government procurement alone. However due to the scarcity of consolidated and structured statistics on corporate crime, it is impossible to determine the overall cost of corporate crime to national economies worldwide. WHERE DOES CORPORATE CRIME LIES In the Administration Improvement Act (AIA) of 1979 the U.S. Congress defined whitecollar crime as an illegal act or series of illegal acts committed by non-physical means and by concealment or guile, to obtain money or property or to obtain business or personal advantage.  [6]   But still the sworn hang by this fact that the term corporate crime is used where the offence is committed by a corporation, usually to benefit the corporation while the term white collar crime is used where the offence is committed against a corporation, usually by its own executives or employees and the corporation is the victim. As it is stated above that corporate crimes are some or how different from white-collar crimes but still in an arena Corporate crime overlaps with organized crimes and state corporate crimes along with white-collar crime à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ White-collar crime: Because the majority of individuals who may act as or represent the interests of the corporation are employees or professionals of a higher social class; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Organized crime: Because criminals can set up corporations either for the purposes of crime or as vehicles for laundering the proceeds of crime. Organized crime has become a branch of big business and is simply the illegal sector of capital. It has been estimated that, by the middle of the 1990s, the gross criminal product of organized crime made it the twentieth richest organization in the world richer than 150 sovereign states (Castells 1998: 169). The worlds gross criminal product has been estimated at 20 percent of world trade. (de Brie 2000); and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ State-corporate crime :Because, in many contexts, the opportunity to commit crime emerges from the relationship between the corporation and the state. Corporate crime encompasses embezzlement (also known as criminal breach of trust in some countries), fraud, corruption, insider trading, unfair competition, healthcare fraud, computer crime, forgery and tax evasion. The central element of these crimes being cheating and dishonesty However, it also goes beyond these traditional boundaries.  [7]   Corporate environmental crimes The term corporate environmental crime, which may be defined as any environmental crime that has been committed by any corporate body .the importance of the inquiry was to hear from a range of corporate bodies and their representatives on the present environmental criminal justice system, while at the same time recognising that an environmental sentence for a corporate body is at present limited to fine .the reason for commiting corporate environmental crimes are also varied. The crime may occur because the business concerned is ignorant of its environmental obligations. It may also occur all too often as a result of negligent behaviour ,for example ,where business are poorly managed ,staff are inadequately trained or equipment and infrastructure has not been maintained to the required standard ,allowing a pollution incident to occur. But perhaps the most depressing cause is when corporate environmental crime is the result of a deliberate and intentional illegal act ,a decision taken in the full knowledge that the act is illegal and will result in environmental crime. In our paper our main concern would be corporate environmental crimes in which we will mainly concern about the worlds worst industrial disaster and a heinous corporate crime; the leakage methyl isocyanides (MIC) and other poisonous gases from Union Carbides Bhopal, India, pesticide factory on December 3rd, 1984.which killed 8000 people in first three days and poisoned more than 500000 people and at least 120000 people remain chronically ill and also 30 people die each month from long term effect of gases even today  [8]   The question would be arisen in your mind that why we choose Bhopal disaster as specific topic for our research and view. There are several reasons behind this ; it is only matter of time before the world is shocked and sickened by another Bhopal type industrial diasater .this is because the global economic forces that led union carbide to build and operate its ill fated factory in Bhopal have not gone away they have only become stronger. The fact tha after 20 years of the Bhopal disaster ,survivors are forced to drink poisoned water ,contaminated by stockpiles of abandoned chemicals ,clearly reflects the apathy towards communities and the environment. The lessons of Bhopal are still waiting to be learened. In fact, a 1000 Bhopals are happening in slow motion across india destroying the environmental and poisoning people with impunity. Environmental disasters , both chronic and immediate , induced by irresponsible corporate practices are becoming more frequent. Transnational corporations have learned to downplay damage ,and focus attention and liability on the local company to elude full criminal and civil liability. Bhopal corporate environmental crime Being the most worst industrial disaster itself fulfil the need to concern about it.the brutality of the incident can be fairly stated by a comment given by a Bhopal resident that Mothers didnt know their children had died ,children didnt know their mothers had died and men didnt know their whole families has died   [9]  simply after the unpleasant incident people said that We were choking and our eyes were burning. We could barely see the road through the fog, and sirens were blaring.We didnt know which way to run. Everybody was very confused  [10]  .before the occurrence Opposition legislators raised the issue in the State Assembly and the clamour surrounding these incidents culminated in a 1983 motion that urged the state government to force the company to relocate the plant to a less-populated area. Starting in 1982, a local journalist named Rajkumar Keswani had frantically tried to warn people of the dangers posed by the facility. In September of 1982, he wrote an articl e entitled Please Save this City. Other articles, written later, bore grimly prophetic titles such as Bhopal Sitting on Top of a Volcano and If You Do Not Understand This You Will Be Wiped Out. Just five months before the tragedy, he wrote his final article: Bhopal on the Brink of a Disaster. Yet when the Independent speaks of rape, the Guardian of disgrace and Jon Snow of a crime against humanity, they are not talking about THAT NIGHT but of what has happened since to those who survived it. Today, 25 years after the disaster, Bhopal remains a humanitarian disaster. Their breathless bodies no longer able to push handcarts and lift heavy loads, thousands have fallen into destitution and their families have learned the lessons of the abyss, binding cloths round their middles to give an illusion of fullness, giving children unable to sleep from hunger water to fill their empty bellies.  [11]   In the midst of this clamour, in May 1982, Union Carbide sent a team of U.S. experts to inspect the Bhopal plant as part of its periodic safety audits. This report, which was forwarded to Union Carbides management in the United States, speaks unequivocally of a potential for the release of toxic materials and a consequent runaway reaction due to equipment failure, operating problems, or maintenance problems. In fact, the report goes on to state rather specifically: Deficiencies in safety valve and instrument maintenance programs. Filter cleaning operations are performed without slip blinding process. Leaking valves could create serious exposure during this process. In its report, the safety audit team noted a total of 61 hazards, 30 of them major and 11 in the dangerous phosgene/MIC units. It had warned of a higher potential for a serious incident or more serious consequences if an accident should occur. Though the report was available to senior U.S. officials of the company, nothing was done  [12]  . In fact, according to Carbides internal documents, a major cost-cutting effort (including a reduction of 335 men) was undertaken in 1983, saving the company $1.25 million that year DOWs liability under corporate crimes Liabilty which is related to the 1984 Bhopal disaster was originally filed in 1987, and reinstated in 1991. Both Warren Anderson, the former CEO of Union Carbide, and the Union Carbide Corporation itself face criminal charges in India of culpable homicide (or manslaughter). Both Anderson and Carbide have repeatedly ignored summons to appear in India for trial, and are officially considered absconders (fugitives from justice) by the Indian Government. While Anderson, if extradited and convicted, would face ten years in prison, Carbide faces a fine which has no upper limit. Along with above mentioned liability DOW also owes environmental liability because keen to distance itself from disaster Union Carbide fled India leaving behind tons of toxic wastes strewn in and around the factory site. According to former workers of the Union Carbide factory in Bhopal, while the factory was in operation, massive amounts of chemicals including pesticides, solvents, catalysts and wastes were routinely dumped in and around the factory grounds. These include deadly substances such as aldicarb, carbaryl, mercury, and several chlorinated chemicals and organic poisons. In 1977, Carbide constructed Solar Evaporation Ponds (SEPs) over 14 hectares 400 meters north of its factory. Toxic effluents and toxic wastes were routinely dumped there. Two tube wells dug in the vicinity of the SEPs were abandoned because of the noxious smell and taste of the water. Environmental criminal liability of DOW and Union Carbide A preliminary study of soil and groundwater pollution inside the plant, conducted in 1989 by Carbide, found plenty to be worried about. Some water samples produced a 100% death rate among fish placed in them. Nevertheless Carbide issued no warning. An internal memo refers to the need for secrecy, suggesting that the information should be kept for our own understanding. Not only did it fail to warn people living nearby, it vociferously denied that there was a problem and, incredibly, wrote to the Gas Relief Minister criticizing those who were trying to make people aware of the danger, suggesting that they were mischievous agitators. Carbide in the US meanwhile tried to portray Bhopal activists and their supporters ascommunists who aimed to restructure US society into something unrecognizable and probably unworkable. Carbide and Dow later relied on a report from a government organization called NEERI  [13]  which in 1997 published a report which found that water outside the factory was not contaminated. Consultant Arthur D Little had beenappointed in 1989 by Union Carbide US to work privately with NEERI. ADL believed itself to be working with UCC in Danbury, but all reference to UCC was to be deleted. ADL was to pretend to be working with UCIL alone. But a memo of 1993 shows the US Carbide executives in the driving seat. ADL eventually reported back to Carbide suggesting that NEERI had failed to find contamination because its sampling methods were flawed. In particular ADL suggested it was imprudent to claim that local water was safe for drinking and warned that groundwater contamination could happen far more swiftly and seriously than envisaged. ADL was unclear at one point as to whether NEERI was claiming that labourers were or were not exposed to contaminated groundwater. ADLs suggested ch anges ran to 17 pages, but none of them were incorporated in NEERIs published report, which is what Dow and Carbide still quote, knowing it to be worthless. Carbides own documents reveal that they knew for decades that their disposal practices in Bhopal were leading to massive contamination of the soil and groundwater, and that their sole concern was how to evade responsibility and cover it up. At last we would like to conclude about their liabilities by sayingthat the disaster was caused because Union Carbide had under-invested in an inherently hazardous facility located in a crowded neighborhood, used admittedly unproven designs, stored lethal MIC in reckless quantities, dismantled safety systems and cut down on safety staff and training in an effort to cut costs  [14]   The severity is not hidden now so further we would like to suggest 10 Bhopal principles on corporate liability  [15]  We have chosen to call them the Bhopal Principles because this disaster, more than any other, highlights the current failure of governments to protect public welfare and the failure of corporations to observe basic standards e.g. the avoidance of liability by parent corporations, and the avoidance of responsibility for compensation and environmental cleanup. And further question would is there any need for this kind of principles than we say yes why not because At the Johannesburg Earth Summit, Government looked at what has and has not been done to implement the Rio commitments. The Bhopal case shows that it is important to hold corporations liable and to provide compensation for victims of pollution and other environmental damage, that responsibility for liability and cleanup should be enforceable not only against the local corporate entity, but also against the multinational parent. The Ten Bhopal Principles on Corporate Accountability Implement Rio Principle 13. States shall as a matter of priority enter into negotiations for a legal international instrument, and adopt national laws to operationalise and implement Principle 13 of the Rio Declaration, to address liability and Compensation for the victims of pollution and other environmental damage. Extend Corporate Liability. Corporations must be held strictly liable without requirement of fault for any and all damage arising from any of their activities that cause Environmental or property damage or personal injury, including site remediation. Parent companies as well as subsidiaries and affiliated local corporations must be held liable for compensation and restitution. Corporations must bear cradle to grave responsibility for manufactured products. States must implement individual liability for directors and officers for actions or omissions of the corporation, including for those of subsidiaries. Ensure Corporate Liability for Damage beyond National Jurisdictions. States shall ensure that corporations are liable for injury to persons and damage to property, biological diversity and the environment beyond the limits of national jurisdiction, and to the global commons such as atmosphere and oceans. Liability must include responsibility for environmental cleanup and restoration. Protect Human rights. Economic activity shall not infringe upon basic human and social rights. States have the responsibility to safeguard the basic human and social rights of citizens, in particular the right to life; the right to safe and healthy working conditions; the right to a safe and healthy environment; the right to medical treatment and to compensation for injury and damage; the right to information and the right of access to justice by individuals and by groups promoting these rights. Corporations must respect and uphold these rights. States must ensure effective compliance by all corporations of these rights and provide for legal implementation and enforcement. Provide for Public Participation and the Right to Know. States shall require companies routinely to disclose to the public all information concerning releases to the environment from their respective facilities as well as product composition. Commercial confidentiality must not outweigh the interest of the public to know the dangers and liabilities associated with corporate outputs, whether in the form of pollution by-products or the product itself. Once a product enters the public domain there should be no restrictions on public access to information relevant to environment and health on the basis of commercial secrecy. Corporate responsibility and accountability shall be promoted through environmental management accounting and environmental reporting which gives a clear, comprehensive and public report of environmental and social impacts of corporate activities. Adhere to the Highest Standards. States shall ensure that corporations adhere to the highest standards for protecting basic human and social rights including health and the environment. Consistent with Rio Declaration Principle 14, States shall not permit multinational corporations to deliberately apply lower standards of operation and safety in places where health and environmental protection regimes, or their implementation, are weaker. Avoid Excessive Corporate Influence over Governance. States shall co-operate to combat bribery in all its forms, promote transparent political financing mechanisms and eliminate corporate influence on public policy through election campaign contributions, and/or non-transparent corporate-led lobby practices. Protect Food Sovereignty over Corporations. States shall ensure that individual States and their people maintain sovereignty over their own food supply, including through laws and measures to prevent genetic pollution of agricultural biological diversity by genetically engineered organisms and to prevent the patenting of genetic resources by corporations. Implement the Precautionary Principle and Require Environmental Impact Assessments. States shall fully implement the Precautionary Principle in national and international law. Accordingly, States shall require corporations to take preventative action before environmental damage or heath effects are incurred, when there is a threat of serious or irreversible harm to the environment or health from an activity, a practice or a product. Governments shall require companies to undertake environmental impact assessments with public participation for activities that may cause significant adverse environmental impacts. Promote Clean and Sustainable Development. States shall promote clean and sustainable development, and shall establish national legislation to phase out the use, discharge and emission of hazardous substances and greenhouse gases, and other sources of pollution, to use their resources in a sustainable manner, and to conserve their biological diversity. HOW TO HANDLE AND CONTROL CORPORATE CRIMES There are many ways for law enforcement authorities to combat corporate crime. Firstly, prevention. This can be achieved by encouraging awareness of the moral compass within corporations and among their employees and the promotion of self-regulation. This should be complemented by an effective corporate oversight regime through internal compliance programmes as well as regulation by the Companies Commission and Securities Commissions or its equivalent. For the latter purpose, it will be necessary to put in place effective laws and regulations in a timely manner. In turn, these laws will also have to be actively enforced by well-trained law enforcement agencies and prosecutors if they are to be a realistic deterrent. In this regard it is noted that although sustained enforcement against corporate crime is required as a strong deterrent and to maintain public confidence in the financial markets, enforcement should be seen as a measure to augment internal vigilance and not as a substitu te for it. Thus corporations must also play their role as responsible corporate citizens in the national and global communities. With regard to the investigation and prosecution of corporate crimes with a transnational flavour, be it through the multinational nature of the corporation or the elements of the crime, the importance of international cooperation to gather evidence and recover the ill-gotten gains cannot be overstated. States should therefore put in place a comprehensive domestic legal framework that includes laws to criminalize the relevant criminal acts and impose corporate and individual liability for them. Another crucial element will be effective whistleblower and witness protection laws. A network of bilateral and regional treaties on mutual assistance in criminal matters and extradition together with bilateral treaties on asset sharing is also indispensable. These instruments would complement the stand-alone framework provided under the UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime and the UN Convention against Corruption. In this regard, countries in the ASEAN region are also able to utilize the Treaty on Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters which was concluded in November 2004 among the ten like-minded ASEAN Member States and is currently in force among Brunei, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Singapore and Vietnam. Suggestions from our side Amendment to section 62 of the Indian penal code by adding the following lines: In every case in which the offence is only punishable with imprisonment or imprisonment and fine and the offender is the company or other body corporate or an association of individuals, it shall be competent to the court to sentence such offender to fine only. In many of the acts relating to economic offences, imprisonment is mandatory. Where the convicted person is corporation, this provision becomes unworkable and it is desirable to provide that in such cases, it shall be competent to